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《1997年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》

时间:2021-09-06 17:00:22 托福英语 我要投稿

《1997年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》

Question 1-10

《1997年8月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》

In the 1600 s when the Spanish moved into what later

was to become the southwestern United States, they encoun-

tered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni

peoples. These ancestors, known variously as the Basket

Makers, the Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in the

area for at least 2,000 years. They were an advanced agricultural

people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.

The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and

wood. Anasazi houses were originally built in pits and were

entered from the roof. But around the year 700 A.D., the

Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them

together into rambling multistoried complexes, which the

Spanish called pueblos or villages. Separate subterranean rooms

in these pueblos---known as kivas or chapels---were set aside

for religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole

that was believed to lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos

had five stories and more than 800 rooms.

The Anasazi family was matrilineal, that is, descent was

traced through the female. The sacred objects of the family

were under the control of the oldest female, but the actual

ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son. Women owned

the rooms in the pueblo and the crops, once they were harvested.

While still growing, crops belonged to the man who,

in contrast to most other Native American groups, planted

them. The women made baskets and pottery, the men wove

textile and crafted turquoise jewelry.

Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with

land disputes and religious affairs. The war chief led the men

in fighting during occasional conflicts that broke out with

neighboring villages and directed the men in community building

projects. The cohesive political and social organization of

the Anasazi made it